This collection of essays reflects on the fifth enlargement of the European Union,
projected to take place in 2004. It examines the process of enlargement and its impact on both the candidate States and on the institutions and policies of the European Union from a variety of perspectives - legal, economic, and political - reflecting the different dimensions of the enlargement project.

Different chapters deal with the pre-accession process, the enlargement negotiations, the economic impact of enlargement on the candidate States, membership conditionality as applied by the European Union, the need to adapt the EU's institutional structure to cope with enlargement, and the impact of enlargement on the external policies of both the EU and the candidate States.

Since the Nuremberg Trial of top Nazi leaders following the Second World War, international law has affirmed that no-one, whatever their rank or office, is above accountability for their crimes.  Yet the Cold War put geopolitical agendas ahead of effective action against war crimes and major human rights abuses, and no permanent system to address impunity was put in place.  It was only with the Cold War's end that governments turned again to international institutions to address impunity, first by establishing International Criminal Tribunals to prosecute genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and then by adopting the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in 1998.  Domestic courts also assumed a role, notably through extradition proceedings against former Chilean President Augusto Pinochet in London, then in Belgium, Senegal, and elsewhere.  At the same time,  as some have announced a new era in the international community's response to atrocities, fundamental tensions persist between the immediate State interests and the demands of justice.

This book is about those tensions.  It reviews the rapid recent development of international criminal law, and explores solutions to key problems of official immunities, universal jurisdiction , the International Criminal Court, and the stance of the United States, seeking to clarify how justice can best be done in a system of sovereign States.  While neither the end of the Cold War not the 'decline of sovereignty' in themselves make consistent justice more likely, the ICC may encourage a culture of accountability that will support more regular enforcement of international criminal law in the long term.

How is it possible for an innocent man to come within nine days of execution? An Expendable Man  answers that question through detailed analysis of the case of Earl Washington Jr., a mentally  retarded, black farm hand who was convicted of the 1983 rape and murder of a 19-year-old mother of three in Culpeper, Virginia. He spent almost 18 years in Virginia prisons—9 1/2 of them on death row—for a murder he did not commit.  This book reveals the relative ease with which individuals who live at society's margins can be wrongfully convicted, and the extraordinary difficulty of correcting such a wrong once it occurs.

Washington was eventually freed in February 2001 not because of the legal and judicial systems,  but in spite of them. While DNA testing was central to his eventual pardon, such tests would never  have occurred without an unusually talented and committed legal team and without a series of incidents that are best described as pure luck. 

Margaret Edds makes the chilling argument that some other "expendable men" almost certainly   have been less fortunate than Washington. This, she writes, is "the secret, shameful underbelly" of   America's retention of capital punishment. Such wrongful executions may not happen often, but anyone who doubts that innocent people have been executed in the United States should remember the remarkable series of events necessary to save Earl Washington Jr. from such a fate.

Across the country, in courts, classrooms, and the media, Americans are deeply divided over the use of race in admitting students to universities. Yet until now the debate over race and admissions has consisted mainly of clashing opinions, uninformed by hard evidence. This work, written by two of the country's most respected academic leaders, intends to change that. It brings a wealth of empirical evidence to bear on how  race-sensitive admissions policies actually work and what effects they have on students of different races.

The authors are the economist William G. Bowen, President of The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and former President of Princeton University, and Derek Bok, former President of Harvard University and former Dean of the Harvard Law School. Bowen and Bok argue that we can pass an informed judgment on the wisdom of race-sensitive admissions only if we understand in detail the college careers and the subsequent lives of students-or, to use a metaphor they take from Mark Twain, if we learn the shape of the entire river. The heart of the book is thus an unprecedented study of the academic, employment, and  personal histories of more than 45,000 students of all races who attended academically selective  universities between the 1970s and the early 1990s.

Authoritative, powerfully argued, and elegantly written, this book is a landmark work in one of the most  important debates in recent American history. In the words of Harvard Law Professor Randall Kennedy, "The  Shape of the River should be essential reading for anyone seeking a dependable guide through the morass of competing claims that obscure from public attention the questions that need to be posed and the answers that need to be assessed."

On April 16, 1884, Kentucky Superior Court Judge Richard Reid visited attorney John Jay Cornelison’s  office — at Cornelison’s invitation — to discuss a  legal matter. When he arrived, Cornelison accused the unsuspecting Reid of having injured his honor and then struck him repeatedly with a large hickory cane. He pursued Reid onto the street, where he began to lash  him with a cowhide whip. Reid was reportedly struck over a hundred times before a bystander put a stop to
 the assault.

That seemingly minor event in the small town of Mount Sterling became national front-page news. Northerners  and southerners alike raised questions regarding
Reid’s reponse. Would he react as a Christian gentleman, a man of the law, and let the legal system  take its course, or would he follow the manly dictates of the code of honor and kill his assailant? Which choice would win out in Kentucky’s notoriously violent  society?

James C. Klotter crafts a detective story, using historical, medical, legal, and psychological clues to piece together answers to the tragedy that followed.  This unfolding drama of an individual versus his surrounding culture reveals much about state, regional, and national temperaments in the late nineteenth century and shows the tensions between traditional southern mores and new secular and commercial  forces. It also explores the conventions, values, and confusions of the archaic code of honor that ruled the South and Reid’s community in particular. 

A frail, sensitive yet intelligent and successful man who  supported temperance and women’s rights, Richard  Reid seemed the antithesis of much that his society
valued — strength, virility, athleticism. Klotter shows Reid as a man who sought to change the public’s  views on honor and violence only to become a failed hero in the end. With commanding prose, Klotter draws the reader into the social and judicial world of post–Civil War Kentucky and into the ageless question of choosing between forgiveness and forbearance or revenge and retribution. 

A fascinating account of a remarkable life that took the author, through hard work and determination, from rural England to the highest ranks of the United Nations 

Dame Margaret Anstee was born in the 1920s to a poor family in rural Essex. With the support of her parents and through her own determination, she graduated from Cambridge with first class honours, and entered the Foreign Office where she worked with the spy Donald Maclean shortly before his defection with Guy Burgess. 

Her career here ended as was customary at the time, when she married a diplomat and was posted to Singapore. As the marriage  began to fail Margaret accepted a job at the United Nations in order to earn her fare back to England. 

It was the start of a career that was to push the boundaries at every step. She became the first woman to be posted to her beloved South America, where she drove through the Andes in her VW Beetle, she headed up the first Government think tank during Harold Wilson’s Government and she was the first woman to break the glass ceiling at the United Nations. 

Dame Margaret Anstee served the United Nations for four decades, both at the New York Headquarters and in some of the poorest  countries of the world attempting to help the victims of war, poverty and natural disasters. Throughout this time Dame Margaret has  worked relentlessly to overcome the inequalities between the developed and developing world, a battle that she considers essential for  the survival of both worlds. 

This present study examines the agenda-setting and the decision-making of the U.S. Supreme Court across a period that encompasses several wars, a Great Depression, a president's attempt to pack the Court, and changes in the Court's jurisdiction.  Accordingly, it paints a broad historical picture of the Court, longer than any previous study of those aspects of its business.  It provides a wealth of data on the opinions that the Court issued and what issues the Court found most compelling across more than a century of jurisprudence, adding to its value as a research tool.